Grapes of Wrath Chapter 25 Analysis

The cool, doused earth, which was a wellspring of life not very far in the past, snatches a little youngster while the mother can just watch pitifully as the spouse scoops hills of soil. This occasion isn't excessively not quite the same as most that residents living during the Dust Bowl needed to manage. The reckless nature made the American individuals continue extending and forming the land as they saw fit.Because of this they exhausted the land which, joined with dry season, caused the Dust Bowl. The large partnerships before long purchased out the majority of the land in the Mid-West and numerous families were before long compelled to make their living by different methods. The move of these families out west to a set number of occupations harmed the United States' economy. In Chapter 25 of the Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck sums up the human instinct of implosion making the organizations exhibit their insatiability and how it influenced the workers of California.Steinbeck star ts the segment by portraying California in (section 1 and 2) so as to show how excellent the nation was the point at which it was immaculate by enterprises. Steinbeck sets up numerous representations and pictures that he summarizes towards the finish of the section. He depicts an excellent California where â€Å"fruit blooms are fragrant pink† and blossom petals â€Å"carpet the earth with pink and white. â€Å"; utilizing spring hues, for example, pink, white, and green to how California was wonderful and peaceful.The lovely, lavish scene that Steinbeck depicts likewise attracts equals to the Garden of Eden when portrayed as copious with organic product; to such an extent that â€Å"little braces must be put under them(the branches) to help the weight† similarly as the Garden of Eden was depicted as being abundant with natural product; indicating the change of a spot that is by and large viewed as the most delightful spot while additionally improving the level of ma gnificence that California has. Steinbeck depicts the California slopes as â€Å"soft as breasts† and how it â€Å"quickens with produce†; subtleties that demonstrate how Steinbeck sets the state up to be a sustaining, pregnant mother.In (passage 3), Steinbeck begins to portray the sort of men who chip away at the supporting mother that is California. Steinbeck utilizes polysyndeton while depicting these men show every single magnificent quality they have, for example, â€Å"understanding and information and skill'† indicating how profoundly Steinbeck respects these men; contending that the men are of the most elevated request of people He at that point utilizes asyndeton to show the endless measure of maladies that the men's strategies can defeat, for example, â€Å"the molds, the creepy crawlies, the rusts, the blights† again demonstrating how significant Steinbeck thinks these men are.Steinbeck keeps on building these men up by portraying them as †Å"men of knowledge†; again referencing California as the Garden of Eden by contrasting the men with the Tree of Knowledge which fills in as foretelling as the Tree of Knowledge bore the prohibited natural product that caused the fall of man. Steinbeck proceeds with his mom analogy by portraying the men as offspring of the nursing California. In (section 4 and 5) Steinbeck's tone and expression change as he portrays the men as the years pass by to show how the men are decimating the land they once cautiously cultivated.He shows the move of the men to dangerous procedures by utilizing words like â€Å"destroying† and â€Å"tearing† rather than â€Å"delicate† and â€Å"carefully† to promote his thought that the men are evolving. The natural product is not, at this point bolstered by the supports however â€Å"sags down against the crutches† demonstrating how the men are currently really decimating the place where there is their sustaining mothe r. Steinbeck starts his â€Å"grapes of wrath† analogy by portraying the grapes as â€Å"growing heavy†; connoting the fury that the average folks feel towards the â€Å"men† who, actually, are the huge yield proprietors and the bank owners.The men are likewise â€Å"proud† of their capacity to make the harvests overwhelming with produce and â€Å"transform the world with their knowledge†; attracting equals to the enormous brokers and harvest proprietors who misused the needy individuals so as to shape the world the their comparing. Steinbeck completes the segment with another utilization of asyndeton to portray everything that these men can do to â€Å"drive the earth to produce† or in current terms: control the abundance of the country.In (sections 6-13), the scene of California changes for the most noticeably awful as Steinbeck attempts to depict the harm that the men have perpetrated on California. Steinbeck's style with words, for examp le, â€Å"rot†, â€Å"waste†, and â€Å"decay† partner the previous Edenic Califronia with a dreadful picture. This phrasing relates with the move in symbolism that shows â€Å"meat turning dim and crop withering on the ground† alongside â€Å"black shreds(of fruits) swinging from them(the seeds)†; further portraying the difference in scene of California.Instead of â€Å"valleys in which natural product blossoms†, the valley ousts a â€Å"odor of sweet decay† indicating the horrendous express that California has gone in to under the direction of the â€Å"understanding† men. Steinbeck likewise utilizes solid symbolism to portray abundant pears falling â€Å"heavily to the ground and sprinkling on the ground†; an image Steinbeck additionally changes the fundamental subject of hues from the excellent pink and green of the previous California to a spooky dark. Steinbeck likewise utilizes the vernacular of Californians to sh ow the frenzy that the ranchers feel by communicating such expressions as â€Å"We can't do it. also, â€Å"We can't pay compensation, regardless of what compensation. † placing the peruser in to the psyche of the ranchers to encounter that frenzy and edginess they felt. Steinbeck's solid symbolism is utilized again to portray abundant pears falling â€Å"heavily to the ground and sprinkling on the ground†; an image for the bombing framework the ranchers have that is making their lives fall, sprinkle, and detonate on the ground. Passage 9 proceeds to introduce a case of â€Å"rotten, wasp-stung† grapes that corresponds to the â€Å"swelling† grapes of section 1.The growing grapes would be utilized to make fine wine that has an implication of being delightful and tasty while the spoiled grapes would make a terrible wine which is for the most part viewed as nauseating and sickening; simply a mixture of mold, formic corrosive, tannic corrosive, and sulfur. These two wines speak to the nation from which they are made, the acceptable wine being the delightful California and the nauseating wine being the spooky nation that the men made. (Passages 18-23) show Steinbeck's finished conclusion that the enterprises or â€Å"men† and how they demolished California and the lives of the oor. Steinbeck shows the distress of the circumstance by depicting the â€Å"carloads of oranges dumped† and afterward being scorched alongside the pigs being butchered then letting the â€Å"putrescence dribble down into the earth. † He at that point decides to uncover his postulation toward the start of this segment to mean his goal of uncovering the shameful acts of the men. Steinbeck advances from calling the ranchers to â€Å"the people†; implying that the ineffectively rewarded ranchers are intended to be the American populace of the 1930s.This is intended to show the treachery that the destitute individuals needed to experience and the voracity that the organizations exemplified. The natural product that individuals desire is singed for no other explanation than that it benefits the enormous harvest proprietors; indicating more shameful acts that the â€Å"people† persevere. The oranges are â€Å"golden mountains† when they are being scorched; a mention to the way the men, or organizations, consumed the delicate green slopes of the previous California as a result of greed.In passage 22, Steinbeck utilizes anaphora to show the progression of ghastly occasions that the individuals suffer coming full circle to a â€Å"failure that topples all achievement. † Steinbeck's use of odd symbolism, for example, the youngsters kicking the bucket of pellagra is intended to blame the men for executing these kids with their violations. At the finish of the section, the annoyance is working in the individuals as the gatekeepers can see the â€Å"growing wrath† according to the hungry. † T he pregnant mother is again utilized, just this time she is â€Å"heavy with† or birthing the anger of the people.This is a source of inspiration by Steinbeck intended to prod the ruined individuals of California to revolt as Jim Casy and Tom did. Section 25 of The Grapes of Wrath fills in as Steinbeck's investigate of American culture during the 1930s. He breaks down the occasions of the Dust Bowl and how American individuals and organization goes to it. Steinbeck that the workers of America expected to ascend against the large partnership so as to better their lives. Steinbeck sums up by considering the American individuals to follow up on the shameful acts that they suffer and better their nation.

Immigration Problem In The U.S. Essay Example For Students

Migration Problem In The U.S. Paper Migration Problem in the U.S. The primary move halting migration chose by Congress was a law in 1862 limiting American vessels to move Chineseimmigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 confined the migration to the U.S. of individuals entering the nation to work under agreements made before their appearance. Outsider talented workers, under these laws, were permitted to enter the U.S. to work in new businesses. At this point hostile to outsider felling rose with the surge of settlers and in this period the counter Catholic, against remote ideological group the Know-Nothings, was at that point conceived. After World War I a stamped increment in prejudice and the development of noninterventionist conclusion in the U.S. prompted requests for additional tight enactment. In 1921 a congressional demonstration accommodated a quantity framework for workers, which the quantity of outsiders of any nationality admitted to the U.S. in a year couldn't surpass 3 percent of the quantity o f outside conceived occupants of that nationality living in the U.S. in 1910. This law applied to countries of Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Asian Russia, and certain islands in the Atlantic and Pacific. During the 1980s worry about the flood of expatriates into the U.S. has driven Congress to pass enactment planned for cutting unlawful migration. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 permits most displaced people who have dwelled in the U.S. consistently since January 1, 1982, to apply for lawful status. Additionally, the law denies businesses from employing expatriates and orders punishments for infringement. Discussion over migration and movement strategy isn't new to the countries history. Every once in a while, Congress jostled enactment to control the progression of movement. As migration rises and scorn develops more laws will be executed attempting to discharge a portion of the weight. Illicit movement has a few upsides and downsides. I will examine the geniuses first and clarify them quickly with the end goal for you to show signs of improvement underezding of the position. It offers less expensive work to organizations. By not paying least wages to the laborers who are eager to work at a lower cost, this gives the business an edge over different contenders. Gives culture assorted variety in the US. Acquiring outsiders gives more and various societies to the U.S.. which can extend organizations to different fields of the world. Additionally giving individuals a more underezding of different societies. Brings down the expense of items created in the U.S. that we purchase. In the event that the organizations can deliver items and administrations at a low value keeping there overhead low, at that point we as a shopper will likewise address a lower cost. Most illegals are gifted laborers and helps run the economy. Different nations economy is additionally being made a difference. The laborers carry cash to their families outside of the U.S. which in mostcases the U.S. dollar has a higher incentive than their own. Specialists differ saying the cons of this issue out way the stars. Next I will examine a few cons and clarify them quickly. Illegalimmigrants settle no expense. In the event that they make good on no duties, at that point in what manner can we as a nation pay for open administrations we just as they do. Sending cash out of our economy and sending it to their families abroad. In the event that cash is removed from our economy it causes a money related issue. this can cause a wrong record of cash available for use which may cause expansion. Lower compensation. On the off chance that an unlawful is happy to work for under the lowest pay permitted by law, at that point the business won't pay more for the activity to some other utilize. Indeed may higher just illegals and remove employments structure lawful inhabitants who are happy to work. When illegals result in these present circumstances nation they don't get tried for illnesses that may contaminate the populace. Which can cause a healthproblem. For example, polio, tuberculosis and different types of maladies. Illegals cost the states cash, paying for training, medicinal services, and other social administrations. In an effectively under financed programs they give these administrations an all the more substantial weight to manage. Republicans have agreed among themselves on enactment intended to battle illicit migration. Be that as it may, with their bundle confronting deferring strategies from Senate Democrats and a veto from the president, they completed the seven day stretch of Sept. 2 dubious of their next move1 Republicans need to show we can govern,2 said charge support Lamar Smith, R-Texas. We have to show we can pass great legislation.3 Dianne Feinstein (d-Calif.) called for intense and questionable requirement measures, remembering forcing a cost for anybody entering the US to raise incomes to augment the Border patrol.4 Sen. Alan Simpson (R-Wyo.) one of senates driving experts on migration issues, likewise proposed a comparable fringe charge ten years back, however was rout in r epresentatives dreading it would reroute tourists.5Referring to the Democrats If they need to return home and fail to address illicit movement, that is a gross infringement of what we ought to be doing,6 said Sen. Alan K. Simpson, R-Wyo., backer of the Senate bill. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., and different Democrats on the Immigration Subcommittee said Republicans would need to pick between passing a migration bill, or demonstrating their ideological immaculateness on the state funded school issue.7 Both democrats and republicans concur that unlawful movement ought to be managed. The issue is they cannot concede to anyonepurposes given to them. The Democrats state it is the Republicans deficiency, the Republicans state it is the Democrats shortcoming. With this kind of blame dealing neither of them will increase a quick unequivocal activity to determine the issue. With regards to illicit settlers there are a ton of intrigue bunches that have been engaged with this issue. From o rganizations to governments offices. First the organizations, particularly in agribusiness. Agribusiness utilizes more undocumented specialists than some other industry in thecountry. Half of Californias 700,000 homestead laborers are assessed to be undocumented. Three decades back, the level of remote conceived ranch laborers in California was 50 percent,8 the Chronicle expressed. Presently it is 92 percent.9 Agriculture, be that as it may, isn't the main business with a voracious requirement for the modest work gave by migrants. Distributed by the Chronicle, a rundown of organizations fined by the INS in San Francisco incorporates a vehicle rental organization, development firms, eateries, clubs, a trucker, a movement office and even a Proteezt church.10 Everywhere one looks today, one sees migrant laborers tidying up rooms in lodgings, cutting gardens in suburbia, siphoning gas in administration stations, doing janitorial errands in innumerable work environments, drudging in the piece of clothing industry and doing a wide range of brief occupations. These business bunches have a great deal of enthusiasm for illicit movement. They give less expensive work which reduces expenses and causesbetter rivalry. Richard Rogers, region chief of the INS in Los Angeles, was cited as saying: If we were to expand fines 75 to 80 percent, we would likely have many individuals out of business.11 Government offices are likewise included. The new movement enactment almost pairs the size of the Border Patrol. Likewise, National Guard and well-trained military work force are utilized increasingly more along the outskirt. Nearby police powers are additionally being approved to uphold migration law, says Roberto Martinez of the American Friends Service Committees U.S./Mexico outskirt program.12 Possible answers for the issue. Quicker residents preparing,.. helping illegals countrys economy, for example, NAFTA which is as of now in influence. Some recommend carefully designed resid ency cards, modernize the I.N.S., expands the quantity of visitor watch specialists, and fabricate a divider around the U.S. what's more, issue nations. There has been numerous proposals made in managing this issue. The Gallegly bill is one of them. If at any time finished by House-Senate conferees, is probably going to incorporate a few conditions previously received in comparable structure by the two chambers. As passed by the House and Senate, the bill would: Increase the quantity of outskirt watch specialists by 1,000 every year somewhere in the range of 1996 and 2000, generally multiplying the power to arrive at 10,000. Make it hard for individuals found attempting to enter the United States unlawfully, or exceeding a visa, from being conceded visas later on. Build up experimental runs programs in which managers could electronically check the migration status of their representatives. Confine open advantages for legitimate foreigners by expanding the ideal opportunity for which their supporters are liable for them. This segment ispartially got by the government assistance law, which denies advantages to numerous lawful outsiders. Permits the extradition of legitimate immigrantswho wrongfully acknowledged open advantages for a year or more. Other than the Gallegly arrangement, which is in the House bill just, conferees face two different issues with significant differences between the two chambers:The House would necessitate that any family wishing to support alegal foreigner procure in any event double the destitution rate. The Senatebill would require the family to acquire a salary one-fourth higherthan the destitution rate. The House bill would likewise make it much moredifficult to apply for political refuge, both for the individuals who applyupon section into the United States or for those as of now on U.S. soil. Movement specialists for the most part concur that the Clinton Administration has given more regard for migration than both of its two Repub lican antecedents and he generally has at any rate two responses: his underlying open articulation (decided to a great extent bypublic-assessments of public sentiment, which show support for limitations), and afterward the genuine strategy (as dictated by his consultants and the different extraordinary interests they speak to). Clinton proposed enactment that included facilitated avoidance for paltry refuge petitioners, an expansion in INS shelter work force, and different enemy of carrying arrangements. President Clintons record on legitimate migration. In June 1995, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, led by the

Pauls Top Ten Common-Sense College Application Tips

Paul’s Top Ten Common-Sense College Application Tips Some point back in April, after all the decisions had come in, my mom suggested that I should write a book on college applications. Although Im pretty sure she was joking, for some reason the idea stuck with me. Over the summer, I had ample opportunity to compile what may (someday) be the first drafts of just such a book. Now that the admissions season is fully upon us, Im proud to present you with drum roll please my very first post of completely unsolicited application advice! Before I dive into the list, though, I do have a few quick things to say. For starters, I truly believe that college admissions should be as uncomplicated, honest, and open as possible. Thats why I tend to believe that most of the so-called secrets behind a good application are simply common sense. But back when I was applying, I realized that talking to another person whether its a parent, a counselor, or even just some random blogger like me really can help you get a new perspective on the application process. I dont expect my advice to be earth-shattering, Im just hoping that my own experiences applying to college will enable you to see your own experiences this year from a slightly different angle. However, keep in mind that you are not me, nor should you be! What I found worked for me may not be ideal for you. Always balance other peoples advice with your own instincts. Remember, at the end of the day, youre still the one actually writing the application. On a more personal note, throughout the admissions process last year, I was lucky enough to always have my own personal fountain of amazing advice and assistance: my parents. From August until December, my mom was the one who proofread my essays, reminded me to meet my deadlines, boosted my spirits and my confidence when I felt overwhelmed. She knew my writing style, she knew my passions she knew me, basically. My dad, for his part, was always willing to just sit down and talk when I needed suggestions or direction. I didnt always make it easy for them, but Im so grateful they never gave up on me. And with no further ado, heres what youve all been waiting for. Use at your own risk. Your mileage may vary. Patent pending. Always be honest. This ones first for a reason. Simply put, be yourselfnot who you think some admissions committee wants you to be. Admittedly, students at MIT share a lot of common traits resourcefulness, ingenuity, creativity, an off-beat sense of humor, to name a few but if youre at all drawn to MIT, odds are you probably already have a bunch of these qualities already. Basiclly, write about the things in your life that are cool and unique. Dont be afraid to be different! Show a little passion. Im always hesitant about using the word passion, simply because it comes up so often when talking about college apps. Just the same, having passion for something excitement, fervor, a fire in the belly, whatever you want to call it is still really important. Personally, I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to pursue two years of research in high school, and I loved it. I loved it so much that I wrote about it at length for every single college application I submitted. Yes, every single one. (I know Im a nerd, okay? You dont have to rub it in.) The bottom line is, dont be afraid to reveal what truly gets you excited. Keep it consistent. Think of your application as a fine meal. I know thats a strange comparison, but play along with me here. In any good meal, all the courses are different but at the same time, the different dishes complement and reinforce one another to create a truly extravagant banquet. Similarly, each part of your application essays, short answers, extracurriculars, grades, scores, recommendations, and all the rest should work and flow together to create one coherent image of you. You should certainly include everything you believe is relevant on your application, but take extra care to emphasize the aspects of your life that are most important to you. Embrace your mistakes. I cant make too many specific statements about this, simply because every applicant is different, but the general message is this: you really dont have to be valedictorian, have a perfect GPA with all-honors courses, and have done a gazillion APs to get into MIT. Most people who apply to schools like MIT have taken very demanding classes, and its okay to struggle. Sometimes, simply refusing to give up or showing consistent improvement can speak volumes. Be confident, not arrogant. A college application is, by its very nature, an invitation for you to highlight your accomplishments without being haughty about them. Admittedly, walking the line between self-confidence and arrogance is hard my personal opinion is that, on college applications, youre supposed to brag about yourself without it sounding too much like bragging if that makes any sense. If youre truly worried that you come across as arrogant, just run your application by a parent or a guidance counselor and see what they think. One last note: no matter how good you feel about your high school career, dont rest on your laurels! Colleges like MIT are looking for students who are excited about the opportunities ahead of them, not just what theyve accomplished so far. Buy some white-out. Trust me, you will make mistakes. Thanks to computers, its not so hard to correct things these days, so perhaps the white-out Im referring to is metaphorical. Just the same, dont be afraid to scrap a draft (or even a complete essay!) and start over if its just not working for you. Although Id recommend saving the original draft just in case you change your mind later. :) Leave it short and sweet. Remember, no matter how awesome you are, youre just one application among many. Short answers are meant to be short, and theres a good reason MITs application only has space for five extra-curriculars. Strong language is key here powerful verbs, that perfect adjective, maybe a profound metaphor. You want to give someone who reads your application a good, solid impression of the real you without any extraneous material. If youre bad at knowing when to stop talking, like I am, your parents or teachers can probably help you figure out whats truly important and whats just verbal baggage. However, dont get me wrong you should by all means fill out every question you feel like, including the optional ones if you can give a strong response to them. Immerse yourself. Every school has its own culture, and MIT is no different. Although you dont have to know the whole history of each school you apply to, I think it helps to at least know a little about the institutions youre applying to besides their name and reputation. Interestingly, as the world gets more digital, so does the process of immersion. These blogs are living proof of that fact. Even so, I am still 100% in favor of the traditional information-session/campus-tour combinationespecially because my own first visit to MIT was the final, crucial factor that caused me to fall shamelessly in love with the Tute. Take it from me: for any school, simply being on campus is a great way to figure out whether or not you might want to spend the next four years of your life there. Beat the deadlines. I know I wouldnt have wanted to hear this it when I was applying, which is why I saved it for the end. Fact is, most applications arent due until December 31, and I know exactly how tempting it is to put things offbut look at this way: do you really want to still be working on applications after Christmas? Deadlines are especially important for your teacher and guidance counselor recommendations, since you basically have no control over when theyll be completed. Id suggest talking to your teachers about recommendations as soon as youve finalized your list of schools the earlier the better. Stay classy. Between college applications, classes, extra-curriculars, and everything else, senior year is very stressful. I understand, because Ive been there. Ultimately, even though sometimes you may want to tear your hair out over this, that, and the other I can promise you that, by the end of this year, most of those small dramas wont seem to matter much at all. Even when the going gets tough, refuse to give up on what matters most to you. Cherish your friends. Dont forget to tell your parents you appreciate them and maybe even say the L-word every now and then. And once youve finally hit that Submit button, do yourself a favor and treat yourself to something special. You deserve it. Just dont forget to finish all your other applications as well. ;) Thats all Ive got, folks. Thanks for reading!

The Prohibition Of Polygamy An Essential Part Of Mormonism

The practice of polygamy is said to be an essential part of Mormonism, promising resurrection after death or becoming closer to God, and although it has been argued to cause harm by many researchers, the prohibition of the practice could potentially go against the Charter’s promise of freedom of religion. Polygamy is prohibited under S. 293 of the Criminal Code, and the Government of British Columbia came to the Court in order to decide if the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the right to practice polygamy for religious purposes. The objective of the prohibition of polygamy is to protect women, children, men and society from the harms associated with it. When examining human history, polygamy had been condoned by most societies although men were not always able to support multiple wives. Dr. Sheidel of Stanford University says that the beginning of what he calls socially imposed universal monogamy (SIUM) took place in ancient Greece and Rome. This meant that polygamy was normatively prohibited regardless of a man’s ability to support his wives. Socially imposed universal monogamy became dominant and over time both Roman and Christian societal norms began to converge, making it difficult to determine SIUM as a specifically religious norm. Other belief systems, such as Islam, accepted polygamy and was beginning to spread through the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain with the collapse of the Roman Empire. The acceptance of polygamy in other belief systemsShow MoreRelatedPolygamy : Human Rights And Civil Liberties3424 Words   |  14 Pages Polygamy: Human Rights v. Canadian Constitution Collins Njoroge 200105390 Crim 335 - Human Rights and Civil Liberties Instructor: Danijel Ristic 24TH March, 2015 â€Æ' Cesar Chavez, an American civil rights activist and labor organizer, once stated that the â€Å"[p]reservation of one s own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures† (University of Florida, n.d., para. 14). This oft-quoted aphorism is particularly relevant in Canada, a multicultural country where certain

The Secret Six, the Men Who Financed John Browns Raid

The Secret Six was a loosely affiliated group which provided financial backing to John Brown before his raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Money obtained from the northeastern abolitionists of the Secret Six made the raid possible, as it enabled Brown to travel to Maryland, rent a farm to use as a hideout and staging area, and procure weapons for his men. When the raid on Harpers Ferry failed and Brown was captured by federal troops, a carpet bag containing documents was seized. Inside the bag were letters establishing the network behind his actions. Fearing prosecution for conspiracy and treason, some members of the Secret Six fled the United States for a brief period. None of them were ever prosecuted for their involvement with Brown. Members of the Secret Six Gerrit Smith: Born into a wealthy family in upstate New York, Smith was a vigorous supporter of various reform causes, including the American abolition movement.Thomas Wentworth Higginson: A minister and author, Higginson would go on to serve in the Civil War, commanding a regiment of black troops, and would write a classic memoir based on the experience.Theodore Parker: A minister and prominent public speaker on reform topics, Parker had been educated at Harvard and was affiliated with the Transcendentalist movement.Samuel Gridley Howe: A medical doctor and advocate for the blind, Howe was active in the abolition movement. His wife, Julia Ward Howe, would become famous for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic.Franklin Benjamin Sanborn: A Harvard graduate, Sanborn was connected to the Transcendentalist movement and became involved in anti-slavery politics in the 1850s.George Luther Stearns: A self-made businessman, Stearns was a manufacturer and was able to financially support var ious causes, including the abolitionist cause. Actions of the Secret Six Before John Brown's Raid All the members of the Secret Six were involved in various ways with the Underground Railroad and the abolition movement. A common thread in their lives was that, like many other northerners, they believed the Fugitive Slave Law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 had made them morally complicit in slavery. Some of the men were active in what was called vigilance committees, which helped protect and hide fugitive slaves who otherwise could have been arrested and taken back to slavery in the South. Discussions in abolitionist circles often seemed to focus on theoretical ideas which would never be implemented, such as plans to have New England states secede from the Union. But when New England activists met up with John Brown in 1857, his account of what he had done to prevent the spread of slavery in what was called Bleeding Kansas made a convincing case that tangible actions had to be taken to end slavery. And those actions could include violence. It is possible that some members of the Secret Six had dealings with Brown going back to when he was active in Kansas. And whatever his history with the men, he found an attentive audience when he began talking about a new plan he had to launch an attack in hopes of bringing an end to slavery. The men of the Secret Six raised money for Brown and contributed funds of their own, and the influx of cash made it possible for Brown to see his plan into reality. The vast slave uprising which Brown hoped to spark never materialized and his raid on Harper Ferry in October 1859 turned into a fiasco. Brown was arrested and put on trial, and as he had never destroyed documents which could implicate his financial backers, the extent of his support quickly became widely known. The Public Furor John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry was, of course, highly controversial, and generated enormous attention in the newspapers. And the fallout over the involvement of New Englanders was also a topic of considerable discussion. Stories circulating naming various members of the Secret Six, and it was alleged that a widespread conspiracy to commit treason went far beyond the small group. Senators known to be opposed to slavery, including William Seward of New York and Charles Sumner of Massachusetts were falsely accused of having been involved in Browns plot. Of the six men implicated, three of them, Sanborn, Howe, and Stearns, fled to Canada for a time. Parker was already in Europe. Gerrit Smith, claiming to suffer a nervous breakdown, admitted himself to a sanitarium in New York State. Higginson remained in Boston, defying the government to arrest him. The idea that Brown did not act alone inflamed the South, and a senator from Virginia, James Mason, convened a committee to investigate Browns financial backers. Two of the Secret Six, Howe and Stearns, testified that they had met Brown but had nothing to do with his plans. The general story among the men is that they did not fully comprehend what Brown was up to. There was considerable confusion about what the men did know, and none of them was ever prosecuted for involvement in Browns plot. And when the slave states began seceding from the Union a year later, any appetite for prosecuting the men faded.

The Value of Life Pro Life Free Essays

The Value of Life Imagine 3,700 children murdered in one day; their bodies torn, bruised, or poisoned. Sadly, this Is no sick fantasy, but a procedure called abortion, defined as an operation to end a pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus from Its mother’s womb (â€Å"Choose† sec 1). In the united States alone, approximately 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Value of Life: Pro Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now 37 million abortions occur per year. Late term abortions, or post first-term abortions, are known to cause serious health problems such as mental issues and moral dilemmas because the fetus has taken the shape ofa baby and thus is a viable human being. Abortion has een debated for centuries because of its political and social ramifications, and the correctness or lack of correctness. Both sides have strong arguments, but either way, late-term abortion should be made illegal in the United States because of its health risks, viability, and prevalence in society (â€Å"Statistics† sec 1). Late- term abortions damage both the mother’s mental and physical health dramatically. Once a fetus has taken a babys shape, the most common form of abortion Is using the combination of drugs and medicines. Methotrexate Is a drug that Is designed to kill the fetus Inside he mother’s womb; Misoprostol Is a llquld substance that Is also Involved with this abortion process. It Is used subsequent to Methotrexate and empties the uterus of the child. Medicines, like those mentioned above, are unsafe and unstable, putting the mother’s health at risk. For example, Methotrexate is known to be harmful to both the fetus and its mother (â€Å"Statistics† sec. 3). The primary use of this drug is to poison the fetus. A problem that can occur in this medicine, typically used for chemotherapy, is it can be toxic. In the case that the drug is toxic, the use in abortion can result in eath of both mother and fetus. In addition to drug toxicity, there are also many mental issues that can arise in the mother (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 3). Many become depressed because of their decision to abort; others contemplate suicide. Additionally, anxiety has affected many women who have had abortions. In a study of the after effects of abortion, 40% to 60% of women questioned gave negative reactions. This survey was done eight weeks subsequent to the procedure (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 3). Out of that percentage, 55% of them felt guilty. 4% claim they experienced ervous disorders, sleeping disorders had occurred in 36% of the women, and not surprisingly, 31% admitted feelings of regret. had to be prescribed with psychotropic pills. The high percentages of metal issues show that abortions cause serious health risks to the mothers. Adding on to mental health problems, physical complications can arise aft er an abortion (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 1). There are a multitude of â€Å"minor side effects from abortion. Small infections are a result of abortions. Many women become sick by a fever. Others experience gastrointestinal problems. Bleeding Is a very common outcome of this procedure. In the same study, women reported chronic abdominal pain, and also excessive vomltlng. Not including minor conditions, there are over 100 major problems recorded that women have faced. A DlocKage 0T an artery or emoollsm can result Trom aoortlon. some experience aeatnly infections. Hemorrhaging, or excessive bleeding, occurs in many. Ripping, or perforation of the uterus, is an excruciatingly painful result of the practice. Women can also experience anesthesia complications. In addition, cervical injury injuries are common. An astounding 5% become sterile, or unable to get pregnant again. Ectopic pregnancies may occur after one obtains an abortion (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 1). In a study of the National Rights to life Committee, two hundred and fifty-five deaths to mother’s having an abortion occur per year (McKeegan 123). Studies have shown that legal abortion is no safer than illegal, back-alley abortions. One 43year old woman bled to death during an abortion; another woman’s uterus perforated and she also passed. In addition, an eighteen year old girl had a blood infection that was fatal (Curie 52). All these major problems and more occur every year for women who abort. Although the viability of a fetus is debatable, many scientists and doctors concur that with todays modern technology, the week that a fetus becomes viable is becoming progressively earlier (Currie 26). All late-term abortions, or those occurring after twenty weeks of the pregnancy, are killing a viable fetus. Studies also show fetuses feel pain, as proven by the fact that they twisting in agony and display painful looks when aborted. Another way to show how the fetus is Just an unborn baby is the fact that its internal and external organs are the same. The fetus also performs many aby-like functions. Statistics from highly knowledgeable people have also back up the theory that a fetus is viable in post- first term state. The internal and external features show that the fetus is the same as a human, Just not as mature (â€Å"WPClinic†, sec 2). A viable fetus has the same external features of any newborn. With few exceptions, the human is made up of many different body parts such as a head, body, eyes, mouth, sex organs, hair, etc. A fetus, post-first term, has all of these typical parts and thus resembles a child. In addition to their exterior, fetuses also have the same nternal organs. They have a fully developed brain at 13-16 weeks-which is at the beginning of late 1st term. All organs are working at this point. In the latter weeks, its nervous system can even control functions (â€Å"WPClinic†, sec 2). These features prove that the fetus is Just like a newborn. Not only does the fetus resemble a newborn, it also acts like one. â€Å"The baby plays so to speak, now†¦ We know what he feels and have listened to what he hears† (McBride 34). This quote shows that a fetus is no different than a newborn baby, for it performs the same functions; the fetus is Just perhaps ot as mature. Some normal procedures the fetus performs include swallowing, making breathing sounds, recognizing its mother’s voice, blinking, grasping, kicking, and somersaulting. Physicians also say a fetus feels pain around twenty weeks (McBride 64). Today, physicians give women pamphlets to let them know their fetus will feel pain when it is aborted. Studies support this through the fact that the fetus twists in agony and shows painful looks when it is aborted (McKeegan 112). The facts prove that the fetus acts and plays like a newborn, so it should have the same rights s well. How to cite The Value of Life: Pro Life, Papers

Systemic anatomy free essay sample

The muscles of tongue can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups. The intrinsic muscles lie entirely within the tongue, while the extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to other structures. The extrinsic muscles reposition the tongue, while the intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing. Extrinsic tongue muscles, by definition, originate from structures outside the tongue and insert into the tongue. The four paired extrinsic muscles protrude, retract, depress, and elevate the tongue: Muscle From Nerve Function Genioglossus muscle mandible-(Genial Tubercles) hypoglossal nerve Protrudes the tongue as well as depressing its center. Hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone Depresses the tongue. Styloglossus muscle styloid process Elevates and retracts the tongue. Palatoglossus muscle palatine aponeurosis pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve Depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue. Intrinsic muscles Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by: engthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges, and flattening and rounding its surface. The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the superior surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and elevates, assists in retraction of, or deviates the tip of the tongue. It originates near the epiglottis, the hyoid bone, from the median fibrous septum. The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is Joined to the styloglossus muscle. The verticalis muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and Joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles. The transversus muscle divides the tongue at the ed to the mucous membranes . the tongue that run along the sides 2. The muscle that . -Protrude -Retract -Depress -Retraction, elevation of posterior third -Shape changes The Genioglossus mus protrudes the tongue. Remember that contraction of the right genioglossus muscle (for example) points the tip of the tongue to the patients left. The Styloglossus muscle retracts the tongue upward and backward. Also the Palatoglossus muscle retracts the tongue upward and backward. The Hyoglossus muscle depresses the tongue. The Levator veli palatini muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing. The Longitudinal, tranverse and vertical muscles of the tongue. They help to change the shape of the tongue. 3. Muscle of pharyngeal wall. The pharyngeal wall is formed by skeletal muscles and by fascia. Gaps between the muscles are reinforced by the fascia and provide routes for structures to pass through the wall. The muscles of the pharynx are organized into two groups based on the orientation of muscle fibers. The constrictor muscles have fibers oriented in a circular direction relative to the pharyngeal wall, whereas the longitudinal muscles have fibers oriented vertically. The three constrictor muscles on each side are major contributors to the structure of the pharyngeal wall and their names indicate their position†superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles. Posteriorly, the muscles from each side are Joined together by the pharyngeal raphe. Anteriorly, these muscles attach to bones and ligaments related to the lateral margins of the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx. The constrictor muscles overlap each other in a fashion resembling the walls of three flower pots stacked one on the other. The inferior constrictors overlap the lower margins of the middle constrictors and, in the ame way, the middle constrictors overlap the superior constrictors. Collectively, the muscles constrict or narrow the pharyngeal cavity. When the constrictor muscles contract sequentially from top to bottom, as in swallowing, they move a bolus of food through the pharynx and into the esophagus. All of the constrictors are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve [X]. The superior constrictor muscles together bracket the upper part of the pharyngeal cavity. Each muscle is attached anteriorly to the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, and adjacent bone of he mandible. From these attachments , the muscle tans out posteriorly and Joins witn its partner muscle from the other side at the pharyngeal raphe. A special band of muscle (the palatopharyngeal sphincter) originates from the anterolateral surface of the soft palate and circles the inner aspect of the pharyngeal wall, blending with the inner aspect of the superior constrictor. When the superior constrictor constricts during swallowing, it forms a prominent ridge on the deep aspect of the pharyngeal wall that catches the margin of the elevated soft palate, which then seals closed the haryngeal isthmus between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The middle constrictor muscles are attached to the lower aspect of the stylohyoid ligament, the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, and the entire upper surface of the greater horn of the hyoid. Like the superior constrictors, the middle constrictor muscles fan out posteriorly and attach to the pharyngeal raphe. The posterior part of the middle constrictors overlaps the superior constrictors. The inferior constrictor muscles attach anteriorly to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and ligament that spans between these two attachments to cartilage and crosses the cricothyroid muscle . Like the other constrictor muscles, the inferior constrictor muscles spread out posteriorly and attach to the pharyngeal raphe. The posterior part of the inferior constrictors overlaps the middle constrictors. Inferiorly, the muscle fibers blend with and attach into the wall of the esophagus. The parts of the inferior constrictors attached to the cricoid cartilage bracket the narrowest part of the pharyngeal cavity. Longitudinal muscles The three longitudinal muscles of the pharyngeal wall are named according to their rigins†stylopharyngeus from the styloid process of the temporal bone, salpingopharyngeus from the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube (salpinx is Greek for tube), and palatopharyngeus from the soft palate. From their sites of origin, these muscles descend and attach into the pharyngeal wall. Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx The longitudinal muscles elevate the pharyngeal wall, or during swallowing, pull the pharyngeal wall up and over a bolus of food being moved through the pharynx and into the esophagus. Stylopharyngeus The cylindrical stylopharyngeus muscle originates from the base of the medial urface of the styloid process of the temporal bone, descends between the superior and middle constrictor muscles to fan out on, and blend with, the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. It is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve [10. Salpingopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus is a small muscle originating from the inferior aspect of the pharyngotympanic tube, descending on, and blending into the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. It is innervated by the vagus nerve [X]. Palatopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus , in addition to being a muscle of the pharynx, is also a muscle of the soft palate . It is attached to the upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis, and passes posteriorly and inferiorly to blend with the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. Palatopharyngeus forms an important fold in the overlying mucosa (the palatopharyngeal arch). This arch is visible through the oral cavity and is a landmark for finding the palatine tonsil, which is immediately anterior to it on the oropharyngeal wall. The larynx, or voicebox, is an organ in the neck that plays a crucial role in speech and breathing. The larynx is the point at which t aerodigestive tract splits into two separate pathways: the inspired air travels through he trachea, or windpipe, into the lungs, and swallowed food enters the esophagus and passes into the stomach. Because of its location, the larynx has three important functions control of the airflow during breathing protection of the airway production of sound for speech. The larynx consisted of a framework of cartilage with surrounding soft tissue. The most prominent piece of cartilage is a shield-shaped structure called the thyroid cartilage. The anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage can be easily felt in thin necks as the Adams apple. Superior to the larynx (sometimes considered part of the arynx itself) is a U-shaped bone called the hyoid. The hyoid bone supports the larynx from above and is itself attached to the mandible by muscles and tendons. These attachments are important in elevating the larynx during swallowing and speech. The lower part of the larynx consists of a circular piece of cartilage called the cricoid cartilage. This cartilage is shaped like a signet ring with the larger portion of the ring in the back. Below the cricoid are the rings of the trachea. In the center of the larynx lie the vocal folds (also known as the vocal cords). The vocal folds are one of the most mportant parts of the larynx, as they play a key role in all three functions mentioned above. The vocal folds are made of muscles covered by a thin layer called mucosa. There is a right and left fold, forming a V when viewed from above. At the rear portion of each vocal fold is a small structure made of cartilage called the arytenoid. Many small muscles, described below, are attached to the arytenoids. These muscles pull the arytenoids apart from each other during breathing, thereby opening the airway. During speech the arytenoids and therefore the vocal folds are brought close together. As the air passes by the vocal folds in this position, they open and close very quickly. The rapid pulsation of air passing through the vocal folds produces a sound that is then modified by the remainder of the vocal tract to produce speech. This process is described in more detail in the page on vocal fold vibration. 4. Give the cartilage of larynx. Describe each. Laryngeal cartilages can refer to: The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. These allow and aid in the vocal cords movement. Each is pyramidal or ladle-shaped in form and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. The cricoid cartilage or simply cricoid is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. There are taste buds on the epiglottis. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the tracheathat contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the pomus Adam' or Adams apple. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than temale because ot 1200 in female. 5. Muscle of soft palate. Muscle Action levator veli palatini deglutition ne difference in the size ot the angle: 900 in male and Vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus tensor veli palatini mandibular nerve palatoglossus respiration palatopharyngeus musculus uvulae moves uvula

SWOT Analysis of Amazon

Spain essays

Spain essays Canaria has central mountains and rich valleys. Las Palmas, the largest city of the Canary Islands, lies on Gran Canaria. Fuerteventura is flatter, drier, and less populated than Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Spain climate is sunny and hot, but it is good weather. The Meseta and other inland regions of Spain have dry, sunny weather throughout the year. These regions, which make up most of Spain, have hot summers and cold winters. The average temperature fo some areas rises above 80 F (27 C) in July, the hottest month. It may fall below 30 F (1 C) in January, the coldest month. Summer and winter droughts-broken only by occasional rainstorms-are common. In addition, steady winds often whip up the dry s l. Snow covers upper mountain slopes in the Meseta region during most of the winter. Mild, rainy winters alternate with hot, dry, sunny summers in the Coastal Plains and the Balearic Islands. The average January temperature rarely falls below 40 F (4 Â ° , and the average July temperature usually rises to almost 80 F (27 C). Short, heavy rainstorms are common in winter. But summer droughts last up to three months in some areas. The dry, sunny summers attract millions of vacationers to the Balearic Is nds and to Costa Brava, Costa Del Sol, and other famous resort areas along Spain's Mediterranean coast. The Canary Islands, also a popular vacation area, have mild to warm temperatures all year. Winds from the Atlantic Ocean bring mild, wet weather to e Northern Mountains in all seasons. The region has Spain's heaviest precipitation (rain, snow, and other forms of moisture). Rain falls much of the time throughout the year, usually in a steady drizzle. There are many cloudy, humid days, and fog and mi often roll in from the sea. This region's heaviest precipitation comes in winter, when the upper mountain ranges usually build up deep snow. In January, the average temperature in the regi...

Debate Reflections Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate Reflections - Personal Statement Example DuBois on the other hand, recognizes that with education, comes potential. What would DuBois say looking at Barak Obama today He would say that Obama was the embodiment of his teachings. Indeed he would be correct. While it is true that Obama like DuBois was light skinned, I think that the notion that the shading of skin being relevant in this day and age is somewhat foolish. Agreeing with the skeptics simply adds to argument offered by Washington. While I don't believe that Washington was trying to marginalize African Americans, his premise does. Man is not valued for his physical labor. To follow Washington is to believe that black people have a mule's value and that is frankly, insulting. I was quite proud to be publicly performing my activity. My hope was the same as my concernwill my audience get the message behind the rap I think that the measure of my success is watching the reaction of people as they hear me. I look to see in their eyes, far more than a vacant stare. I want the vacancy to be replaced with knowledge and just maybe some enlightenment which leads always to inspiration. I spoke from the street which is where so many of us come from. The street is a place where you survive based on your own wisdom.

A Scientific Model for Grassroots O.D Assignment

A Scientific Model for Grassroots O.D - Assignment Example Instead, their efforts in O.D. lead to disappointing results. Regarding the need for grassroots O.D., no one can change an organization. Each individual within an organization needs to contribute to cultural change in order to achieve positive results in O.D. Besides, mentorship programs could be very effective. A grassroots O.D. model is again useful as it involves setting the bar, motivating change, sustaining the change, and scaling the change to enterprise. Essentially, drive to change is achieved through passionate commitment, which is characterized by good roles and actins, supporting organizational resources, and managing risks. To bring out all the points about O.D. effectively, the article is divided into various sections. An abstract is written to introduce the article and all it entails. The introduction section defined the problem and its background, including the models used. Each model is discussed in depth with respect to the topic, but the main model addressed is the grassroots O.D. model. The article is written in a scholarly manner with all sections being addressed including the methodology, achievement of the model, and conclusion/ summary. To show that the intensive study and research has been conducted from other sources, the resources used are indicated. The article is well presented, but it lacks a clear distinction in the three key sections of a scholarly article, especially the methodology, and

A Scientific Model for Grassroots O.D Assignment

A Scientific Model for Grassroots O.D - Assignment Example Instead, their efforts in O.D. lead to disappointing results. Regarding the need for grassroots O.D., no one can change an organization. Each individual within an organization needs to contribute to cultural change in order to achieve positive results in O.D. Besides, mentorship programs could be very effective. A grassroots O.D. model is again useful as it involves setting the bar, motivating change, sustaining the change, and scaling the change to enterprise. Essentially, drive to change is achieved through passionate commitment, which is characterized by good roles and actins, supporting organizational resources, and managing risks. To bring out all the points about O.D. effectively, the article is divided into various sections. An abstract is written to introduce the article and all it entails. The introduction section defined the problem and its background, including the models used. Each model is discussed in depth with respect to the topic, but the main model addressed is the grassroots O.D. model. The article is written in a scholarly manner with all sections being addressed including the methodology, achievement of the model, and conclusion/ summary. To show that the intensive study and research has been conducted from other sources, the resources used are indicated. The article is well presented, but it lacks a clear distinction in the three key sections of a scholarly article, especially the methodology, and

A Scientific Model for Grassroots O.D Assignment

A Scientific Model for Grassroots O.D - Assignment Example Instead, their efforts in O.D. lead to disappointing results. Regarding the need for grassroots O.D., no one can change an organization. Each individual within an organization needs to contribute to cultural change in order to achieve positive results in O.D. Besides, mentorship programs could be very effective. A grassroots O.D. model is again useful as it involves setting the bar, motivating change, sustaining the change, and scaling the change to enterprise. Essentially, drive to change is achieved through passionate commitment, which is characterized by good roles and actins, supporting organizational resources, and managing risks. To bring out all the points about O.D. effectively, the article is divided into various sections. An abstract is written to introduce the article and all it entails. The introduction section defined the problem and its background, including the models used. Each model is discussed in depth with respect to the topic, but the main model addressed is the grassroots O.D. model. The article is written in a scholarly manner with all sections being addressed including the methodology, achievement of the model, and conclusion/ summary. To show that the intensive study and research has been conducted from other sources, the resources used are indicated. The article is well presented, but it lacks a clear distinction in the three key sections of a scholarly article, especially the methodology, and

The Crude Oil Distillation Engineering Essay

The Crude Oil Distillation Engineering Essay Basically, the product produced in this process can be categoried into 4 group, they are: light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and others. The example of light distillates are liquid petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, and kerosene. Apart from that, the products that can be classified as middle distillates are residential heating fuel and aautomoblie diesel fuels. Additionally, bunker fuel oils is an example of heavy distillataes, while petroleum cokes, lubricating oils and carban black are the other products in this distillation process. The brief description of crude oil distillation unit (CDU) process is as follow. First of all, the incoming crude oils is heating up before it is entering the fractionation column by heat exchanger. After that, the crude oil will pass through an equipment, called desalter, to remove water droplets and inorganic salts that contained in crude oil. Then, it will be further heating by heat exchanger. Next, crude oil will enter a furnace. At here, it will be heating up to 330-350 Â °C. The crude oil then is flashed in the atmospheric distillation column. At here, it is separated into a number of fraction with a particular boiling range. When each fraction in the distillation column reaches a tray where the temperature is just below its own boiling point, crude oil will be condensed and changes back into liquid phase. Moreover, heaviest fractions will condense on the lower trays and lighter fractions will condense on the higher trays in the column. At different elevations in the column, the fractions actually can be drawn out on gravity through pipes, for further processing in the refinery process by using a special trays called draw-off trays. The fraction is drawn out from the top, side and bottom of the distillation column. These fraction is the products that produced in this distallation process. Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU) For vacuum distillation unit (VDU), its main purpose is to separate the heavier end products such as vacuum gas oil and slop wax that is from the atmospheric distillation unit. The brief description of the process is as follow. First of all, heavy crude oil is heated by a series of heat exchanger and crude furnace to the desired temperature, which is 350-390 Â °C. After that, the crude oils flashed into the vacuum distillation column to separate the heavy crude oil. The separation is same as the separation in CDU process; light vapors rise to the top and heavier hydrocarbon liquids fall to the bottom. Next, crude steam is injected into the base of the distillation column to enhance the division of lighter boiling components from the bottom liquid. Then, Light vapour gases are abtracted at the top of the distillation column, it is condensed and recycled back to the column as reflux. For light naphtha, it is drawn off and excess gases are sent to flare. However, vacuum gas oil (VGO) and lubricating oils are drawn off and routed for further treatment in hydrotreating units. Apart from that, vacuum residue from the bottom of the distillation column is sent to intermediate storage or typically to be further processed in fluidic catalytic cracking (FCC) process or delayed coking unit. Fluid Catalytic Cracking Fluid catalytic cracking is the primary conversion process in petroleum refinery. It is the unit which utilizes a micro-spherodial catalyst (zeolitic catalyst) which fluidizes when properly aerated. The purpose of this process is to convert high-boiling petroleum fractions (gas oil) to high-value, high-octane gasoline and heating oil. This process uses the instrument called Circulating Fluidized Bed. This Circulating Fluidized Bed has fast fluidization regime and also good for catalyst is the size of less than 0.2 mm. They are also excellent in Gas-solid effective contact, Catalyst effectiveness, Catalyst internal temperature control, and Catalyst regeneration. The operating characteristics of this instrument are; Particle Diameter = 150 mm Geldart Classification = A Temperature = 650 0C Pressure = 100 kPa Superficial gas velocity = 10 m/s Bed depth = 0.85 m Fresh feed flow rate = 300,000 kg/hr Catalyst to oil ratio = 4.8 There are 6 steps of processes that occur in FCC. Reactor, Riser, Cyclones, Stripper, Regenerator, Standpipe and Slide Valve. Firstly, the reactor performance, the feed oil enters the riser near the base and contacts the incoming regenerated catalyst. Then the cracking reactions occur in the vapor phase. The expanded volume of vapors lifts the catalyst and vaporized oil rises. This reaction occurs at a very high speed, usually about few seconds of contact time. Secondly, the riser, which has diameter of 1.2 meters and height of 36.6 meters, has a plug flow with minimum back-mixing. Steam is used to atomize the feed, this increases the availability of the feed. The outlet vapor velocity would reach up to 18 ms -1. The hydrocarbon residence time is 2 seconds. Followed by, Cyclones. It is located at the end of riser to separate the bulk of the catalyst from the vapor. It uses a deflector device to turn catalyst direction downward. It will later undergo two stage cyclones in order to separate the remaining of the catalyst. It then returns the catalyst to the stripper through the diplegs. The product vapors exit the cyclones and flow to the main fractionator column. Then, the spent catalysts fall into the stripper. The valuable hydrocarbons are absorbed within the catalyst bed. Stripping steam, at a rate of 4 kg per 1000 kg of circulating catalyst, is used to strip the hydrocarbons from the catalyst. The catalyst level provides the pressure head which allows the catalyst to flow into the regenerator. The regenerator basically has two functions, one, restores catalyst activity. Two, it supplies heat to crack the feed. Air is the source of oxygen for the combustion of coke. The air blower with 1 m/s (3 ft/s) air velocity to maintain the catalyst bed in a fluidized state. About 14 kPa (2 psi) pressure drops in air distributors to ensure positive air flow through all nozzles. In standpipe and slide valve, it provides the necessary pressure head needed to circulate the catalyst around the unit. The catalyst density in standpipe is 642 kg/m3 (40 lbs/ft3). Slide valve is used to regulate the flow rate of the regenerated catalyst to the riser. Slide valve function is to supply enough catalyst to heat the feed and achieve the desired reactor temperature. Hydrocracking process Crude oil undergoes hydrocracking process after undergoing vacuum distillation and coking processes. Hydrocracking process is a catalytic chemical process used in petroleum refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. The process takes place in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at elevated temperatures (260 425 Â °C) and pressures (35 200 bar). This process removes feed contaminants such as nitrogen, sulfur, metals. Hydrogenation occurs in fixed hydrotreating catalyst beds to improve hydrogen/carbon ratios. The size of the molecules must decrease and the atomic H/C ratio must increase if the products are to become useable as conventional fuel products. This is followed by one or more reactors with fixed hydrocracking catalyst beds to dealkylate aromatic rings, open naphthene rings, and hydrocrack paraffin chains. Major products from hydrocracking are jet fuel and diesel, while also high octane rating gasoline fractions is produced. All these products have a very low content of sulfur and other contaminants. Hydrocracking is normally facilitated by a bifunctional catalyst that is capable of rearranging and breaking hydrocarbon chains as well as adding hydrogen to aromatics and olefins to produce naphthenes and alkanes. This process cracks the high-boiling, high molecular weight hydrocarbons into lower-boiling, lower molecular weight olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons and then hydrogenates them. Any sulfur and nitrogen present in the hydrocracking feedstock are, to a large extent, also hydrogenated and form gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) which are subsequently removed. The result is that the hydrocracking products are essentially free of sulfur and nitrogen impurities and consist mostly of paraffinic hydrocarbons. Basically, hydrocracking process consist of the splitting or breaking of straight or cyclic hydroca rbons and hydrogenation of the broken bonds. Example: For futher details about the yield and disposition, refer to the table below: Product Yield, volume% feed Disposition Light ends Varies depending upon objectives LPG Naphtha Gasoline, catalytic reformer Diesel Diesel Total volume yield 130 140 Gas oil conversion 60 99% They are two stages of hydrocracking unit; Single Stage Process and Multi Stage Hydrocracker. It is called a single stage process when the treating step is combined with the cracking reaction to occur in one reactor. The catalyst used in a single-stage process comprises a hydrogenation function in combination with a strong cracking function. In the case of high/full conversion is required, it becomes necessary to switch to a multi-stage process, in which the cracking reaction mainly takes place in an added reactor. Two versions of the multi stage hydrocracker have been developed; two stage hydrocracker and series flow hydrocracker. Both two stage and series flow hydrocracking are flexible process. The two stage process is more selective because product made in the first reactor is removed from the second reactor feed. In series flow operation, this product is partly overcracked into lighter products in the second reactor. Schematic of a two-stages hydrocraking unit HYDROTREATING PROCESS (Prepared by DING TIONG SOON, 10UEB01031) Hydrotreating technology is used in refinery processes to remove contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals to produce a clean product for further processing. Hydrotreating process includes Naphtha Hydrotreating, Gasoline Hydrotreating, Mid-Distillate Hydrotreating and FCC Feed Pretreating. The feeds used in this process range from vacuum resid to naphtha , and the products are used as environmentally acceptable clean fuels. In the hydrotreating process oil fractions are reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce high-value clean products. The operating conditions will depend on the final application. The heart of hydrotreating process is the reactor section, which features a high-pressure reactor vessel and proprietary catalyst and reactor internals technology. Hydrotreating process began when the liquid feed stream is joined by a stream of hydrogen-rich recycle gas. The mixture is then preheated by flowing through a heat exchanger. After that, it is heated to the desired hydrotreating temperature using a fired heater where the feed mixture is totally vaporized. Hydrotreating takes place when the feed mixture flows through a fixed-bed reactor in the presence of a catalyst consisting of an alumina base impregnated with cobalt and molybdenum.The hot reaction products are cooled by flowing through a water-cooled heat exchanger before it flows through the pressure controller (PC) and undergoes a pressure reduction down to about 3 to 5 atmospheres. The resulting mixture of liquid and gas enters the high pressure separator which separates the liquid hydrocarbon from the hydrogen , hydrogen sulfide or ammonia gas. Most of the hydrogen-rich gas from the gas separator vessel is recycled by routing through an amine contractor for the removal of acid gas and is reuse in the reactor section. Any excess gas from the gas separator vessel joins sour gas from the stripping of the reaction product liquid. The liquid from the gas separator vessel is routed through a reboiled or steamed stripper distillation tower. The stripper only have two products ,a top and a bottom. With a steam stripper, downstream processing, typically a salt dryer which is preceded by a vacuum dryer, is required to remove water from treated products. If multiple products are produced, then a fractionator with a fired reboiler is also used. Further separation of LPG gases occurs in the low pressure separator prior to sending the hydrocarbon liquids to fractionation. Meanwhile, the sour gas is sent to the refinerys central gas processing plant for removal of the hydrogen sulfide in the refinerys main amine gas treating unit and through a series of distillation towers. The Importance of hydrotreating is that it helps to improve air quality by desulfurization of fuel oils. Hydrotreating prepares valueable hydrocarbon products from heavy carbon streams and the production of low-sulfer-level fuel oil from residual stocks after distillation of crude oil. Coking (prepared by Soo Voo Yee, 10UEB01889) Coking is a thermal process for the conversion of low value residue to valuable products and coker gas oil. There have two types of coking process, which are delayed coking and fluid coking. For the delayed coking process, at first, the residual oil from the vacuum distillation unit is pumped into the bottom of the main fractionators. Along the way it is pumped to the furnace, some steams are injected to heat it to its thermal cracking temperature of about 4800C. The injected steam helps to minimize the deposition of coke within the furnace tubes. Besides that velocity inside the tube of the furnace is very fast. This is to reduce the loss of heat as a waste of source. Because of the short period in the furnace, so the coking of the feed is delayed until it reaches the large coking drum. Compared to the furnace, drum provides a longer period for the cracking process to proceed to completion. For the gas oil and the lighter components will leave from the top of the drum, left behind the components of liquids and solids. The gasses will be directed to the main fractionators to separate it into gases, naphtha and light and heavy gas oils based on each boiling points.The solid coke is deposited and remains in the coke drum in a porous structure that allows flow through the pores. 16 to 24 hours are needed to fill the drum full as a complete coke drum cycle. The hot mixture is switched to another empty drum, when the first drum is full of the solidified coke. While the second drum is filling, the full drum is steamed out to reduce the hydrocarbon content of the petroleum coke, and then is cooled down with water. The top and bottom heads of the full coke drum are removed, and the solid petroleum coke is removed from the coke drum via hydro jetting. The pressure of the water is about 1250psig to 4000 psig and the flow rate is about 750GPM to 1250 GPM. Fluid coking is a continuous process which consists of 2 units, reactor and furnace. In the reactor, the coke particles are fluidized by steam. The preheated feed will be injected directly into the reactor when it reached temperature of 2500C to 3500C. The temperature inside of the reactor is around 4800C to 5700C. On the surface of the coke particles, cracking process is occurred, causing the lighter components are being vaporized. To separate the entrained coke particles with the vapors, cyclones are used. The vapor is then sent to the bottom of the scrubber and condensed into heavy tar; meanwhile the remaining coke is removed and recycled back to the coke reactor. The overhead of the vapor is directed to a fractionator where it is separated into the desired boiling point fractions. Then the coke particles flow to the stripping zone to remove any product vapor between the coke particles. After that, the coke particles are sent to the burner. A part of the coke is burned to remain the average bed temperature. Hot coke is then sent back to the reactor. To maintain the coke inventory in the burner, coke which is one of the products, required to withdraw from the burner. The large coke particulate will be replaced by the smaller seed particles to prevent the circulating coke is too coarse. Compare to delayed coking process, fluid coking will be carried out at a more uniform and higher temperature and shorter contact time. The products produced by using fluid coking process are more valuable and less coke.

Effect of Spina Bifida on Different Age Groups

EFFECTS OF SPINA BIGIDA ON DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS Individuals who are affected with spina bifida are faced with many difficult challenges. The social factors are different in each age group (newborns to infants, toddlers and preschoolers, school aged children, adolescences, teenagers, and adulthood). Nevertheless, finding resources in your community, knowing what to expect, and planning for the future can help increase confidence in managing spina bifida, enhance quality of life, and assist in meeting the needs of all family. Spina bifida affects the entire family.People who are affected by spina bifida get around in many different ways. This may include walking without any aids or assistance; walking with braces, crutches or walkers; and using wheelchairs. Some people with spina bifida have difficulty picking up the verbal and non-verbal cues necessary for social skills. Some of the areas that might be difficulty for them are talking over differences without getting angry, persistence when facing frustration, taking turns while talking, understanding social rules, demanding immediate attention, and waiting when necessary.However, finding resources, knowing what to expect, and planning for the future can help. No two children with spina bifida are exactly alike. Children’s health issues will be different for each child. Some will have issues that are more severe than other children. With the right care, children born with spina bifida will grow up to reach their full potential. NEWBORNS AND INFANTS In many cases, infants and children with spina bifida require early and frequent hospitalization. This can interrupt normal social development.The challenge is to balance medical needs with the need to let a child develop into a confident, self-sufficient and independent adult. Regular and physical activity is important for all babies, especially for those with conditions that affect movement. There are numerous ways for babies with spina bifida to be active. Ne wborns and infants can be active by: * playing with toys, such as activity mats; * enjoy parks and recreation areas; * participating in community programs, such as the Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities, which is a free program n many communities; and * do exercise with physical therapist. TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS Life with a toddler or preschooler is both fun and challenging. These young children experience huge mental, social, and emotional changes. They have a lot of energy and enthusiasm for exploring and learning about their world and becoming independent. Since developing independence can be particularly trying for children with spina bifida, parents should begin helping their child develop independence early in childhood.The achievements can be measured one by one; building blocks are an effective way to think of them. In the early years, moving about and exploring things with the eyes, mouth and hands are the elements of independence for t he toddler. Parents and other caregivers can help them become more active and independent by: * educating the child about his or her body and about spina bifida; * encouraging the child to make choices, for example, have them choose between two items of clothing; * asking the child to assist with daily tasks, such as putting away toys.Children with spina bifida might require extra help at times. It is very critical that children be given the opportunity to fulfill a task before help is given. It is also important that parents give only the help that is needed rather than helping with the entire task. Parents must become skilled at learning the difficult balance between giving the right amount of help to increase their child’s independence and confidence, while simultaneously not giving the child tasks that cannot reasonably be completed? which might decrease their child’s confidence. School agedSchool connects children regularly with the larger world. Friendships becom e important and physical, social, and mental skills develop quickly during this time. Children who feel good about themselves are more able to resist negative peer pressure and make better choices. Many children with spina bifida do well in school but some can experience difficulties at school. There are children with learning disabilities (water on the brain), struggle with paying attention, work slowly, be restless, or lose things. They also might have difficulty making decisions. There are activities that children an do both at home and at school to help with these problems. These children might struggle with activities which lacks opportunity to socialize with peers. Children with spina bifida have fewer friends and spend less time with peers than typical developing children. Many social difficulties tend to be stable into adulthood. Fortunately, with the proper medical care, children with spina bifida can lead active and productive lives. Many children with spina bifida are suc cessful in school and many are actively involved in modified sports activities despite their physical challenges.With recent progress in care for these children, their outlook continues to improve. This is a significant time for children to become more responsible and independent. This is also a good time to start exploring potential lifetime interests such as hobbies, music, or sports. Acquiring independence can be challenging for people affected by spina bifida. It is important to begin working on this process early in childhood. Physical activity again is important for children of all ages, but especially for those with conditions that affect movement.For example, they can: * engage in active play with friends; * roll or walk in the neighborhood; * enjoy parks and recreation areas with playgrounds that are accessible for those with disabilities; * attend summer camps and recreational facilities that are accessible for those with disabilities; and * participate in sports activitie s and teams for people with or those without disabilities. Children with spina bifida often cannot control when they go to the bathroom (incontinence).They also can develop urinary tract infections. It is important to develop a plan for going to the bathroom that works and is as simple as possible. This can lead to increased health, participation, and independence at school and in the home, and avoid embarrassment for children with spina bifida. ADOLESCENTS AND TEENS Many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes are associated with the adolescent and teen years. Teens and adolescents develop their own personalities and interests and want to become more independent.It is important for the parents and caregivers of adolescents and teens with spina bifida to take effective steps toward making them independent starting in childhood, so that by the time they are older they can develop the necessary skills to help them reach their full potential. Physical activity is important for all teens and adolescents. There are several ways for teens and adolescents with spina bifida to be active. For example, they can: * engage in physical activities with friends; * roll or walk in the neighborhood; * lift weights; participate in sports activities and on teams for people with and those without disabilities; and * attend summer camps and recreational facilities that are accessible for those with disabilities. YOUNG ADULT The transition from adolescence to adulthood can be a time of progression and success, as well as difficulty. For people with spina bifida, it is specifically vital to begin planning for transitions in childhood so they are able to lead independent lives as adults. Young adults affected by spina bifida can face challenges, such as: * learning to take care of their own health needs; working or continuing their education; * volunteering; * finding and using transportation; * living outside their parents’ home; and * obtaining healthy relationships. Young adults can provide or manage much of their own care. Some instances include: * finding new doctors that care for adults affected by spina bifida; * obtaining medical insurance if they are no longer covered under their parents’ health plan; * talking to health care professionals about their condition; * making doctor appointments; * ordering or reordering medications and supplies; * seeking immediate medical help when needed; and managing their own bathroom plan. There are many ways for people with spina bifida to be active. Such as: * roll or walk in the neighborhood; * lift weights; and * participate in sports activities and teams for people with or those without disabilities. Transportation is important, young adults need to be able to find and use transportation safely. Many adults with spina bifida have problems that can affect safe driving. They may need a driver rehabilitation evaluation specialist in order to identify if special changes are needed to a car to ma ke it accessible for driving by someone with spina bifida.Adults also can learn to find and use other transportation safely, such as buses and cabs. Being safely mobile in their homes and communities will help adults become more independent. As adults plan for employment, college, or vocational training, they need to find and use transportation safely. Many young adults are still getting used to their new independence. They may have started working, volunteering, going to college or other training, or living on their own. Nonetheless, continuing to plan for the future is very important.This involves setting goals and how to achieve them. At times, unexpected problems can make life difficult. It is important for them not give up and to keep moving towards their goals, even if their goals sometimes need to be modified, or take longer than planned. Planning now will help adults continue to grow and succeed as they get older. In summary, people with spina bifida will face lifelong medic al challenges associated with this disorder, and the emotional and financial effects that the family will endure are overwhelming.In the United States, children born with spina bifida often live long and productive lives, even though they face many challenges. Though individuals reported having a high quality of life, they also described facing challenges and barriers that affect their ability to fully engage in life experiences. Individuals of all ages from birth through young adulthood reported experiencing common physical challenges such as pain, skin break-down, pressure sores, mobility limitations, latex allergy, and difficulties with endurance and balance.Some individuals between the ages of 6 and 18 years reported having scoliosis and breathing difficulties, during a time of rapid growth. As youth reach the teen years through young adulthood, many also reported difficulties with weight gain and concern about sexuality. Although individuals with spina bifida may experience sec ondary conditions, the role of support has shown to be a large factor that minimizes these challenges. Family support has been reported as a critical component as well as support given to families from outside sources such as friends, relatives, churches and other community groups.These supports have shown to help reduce secondary complications for individuals with spina bifida as well as ensure that they can participate fully in life activities and experiences. While individuals with spina bifida face many challenges growing up -whether they are social, physical, or academic -remember that the person with spina bifida is first and foremost a person with similar desires, likes, talents, frustrations, and concerns as all people. They will experience the same developmental milestones as all individuals -from saying â€Å"NO! in the toddler years, to becoming more independent and social in the teen years, to thinking about relationships and employment in the adult years. We are privil eged to live in a time of positive change and opportunities for people with disabilities. Expectations are changing for the positive to include individuals with disabilities in all facets of community living. Regrettably, change is usually a slow process and many of the physical and attitudinal barriers of society have not kept speed with the new positive expectations.

Mariachi Music Research Paper Essay

Mariachi music originated in Jalisco, Mexico. It is said it began in the town of Cocula. It is a version of theatrical orchestra, it includes violins, harp and guitars which developed in and around Jalisco. It began in the 19th century, and is still popular today. The Violin is apart of a Mariachi ensemble, it is a string instrument. It is 4 stringed and the smallest, highest-pitched member of the string family. The purpose of the violin in mariachi music is to complement trumpet melodies. The most important element of this style of playing to use the entire bow. The Vihuela also plays a major role in a Mariachi ensemble. The Vihuela is an instrument that is basically two different guitars ring instruments. The one played in the Mariachi band is from the 19th century. It has 5 strings and originated from Mexico. There is another one from the 15th and 16th century, that one originated in Spain. That specific Vihuela typically had 12 strings. The Guitarron is a very large, deep bodied Mexican 6- string acoustic bass. It is similar to the guitar developed from the 16th century. The Guitarron is typically played by doubling notes by octave. The Guitarron is used to keep the beat and other instruments together. The trumpet is apart of the brass family, it has the highest register out of all the other instruments. It is played by blowing air threw closed lips. The trumpet replaced the cornet in the mariachi band, now there is usually two trumpets in a mariachi band. The trumpet combination in mariachi was popularized in the 1950s. There are many characteristics to mariachi bands. The forms found in mariachi music are, the most important element of the style. Mariachi song forms (such as the bolero, cancià ³n ranchera, son, huapango, joropo, and danzà ³n) are always the rhythmic patterns that are performed by the guitar section of the group. There is also singing involved in mariachi music. For example, the â€Å"grito mexicano†, a yell that is done at musical interludes during a song, either by the musicians and the listening audience. Like of that would be the mariachi players singing â€Å"AY YA YAY YA!†

New Geological Discoveries The Last Couple Hundred Years

We live in a relentless society characterized by spectacular scientific innovation and research. This innovation continuously morphs the foundation of how we understand the world, including our philosophical ideologies and religion. New geological discoveries the last couple hundred years has undermined many Literal-historical views on how the earth was created. Churches that were once anchored on the young earth hypothesis now face a split between those who hold steadfast to their traditional foundation, and those two branch out their beliefs to accommodate the scientific discovery. A multitude of theories such as the Day-Age, Gap and Framework have come up from the mix of postulations. Before I came into this class, I had begun to develop my own notions about the way in which the world was created, but had a very unclear picture of how the flood, radiometric dating, and layers of sediment played into the whole picture. My ideas were congregated from a mixture of what I was tau ght at my modern evangelical church, what I had learned in public school, and what I had read in scripture. I however, faced a discontinuity within this area because while I knew what I believed, I didn’t know why understanding this issue mattered. Thanks to this discussion about Genesis and geology, I have developed a clearer picture why and how I believe in certain theories and philosophies. 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